Changes of supercooling point and cold tolerance in diapausing pupae of sugar beet moth, Scrobipalpa ocellatella (Lepidoptera; Gelechiidae)

Document Type : Paper, Persian

Authors

1 Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box14115-336, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran

Abstract

Sugar beet moth (SBM) Scrobipalpa ocellatella (Boyd) is one of the important pests of sugar beet that causes quantitative and qualitative yield loss late in the season. Pest damage is occurred in the central buds and the root of the sugar beet plant. The last instar larvae enter the soil and pupate for overwintering at harvest time of sugar beet in Karaj, Iran in November. The younger larvae having suitable habitat and enough food for development may have chance to pupate in soil gradually whenever weather permit. In order to study the overwintering potential of the pest, pupae were collected monthly from November 2015 to April 2016. Seasonal changes in cold hardiness indices such as supercooling point and lower lethal temperature of the beet moth were studied. The mean supercooling points of field collected pupae varied from –13.2 ± 0.33 to –18.2 ± 0.23 °C. The highest cold hardiness of diapausing pupae was found in November, December and January, and the lowest in April. The cold hardiness of diapausing pupae was higher than that of nondiapausing pupae at -10,
-15 and -20 °C. Lethal temperature for 50% of population (LT50) changed from -13.99 ºC in November to -5.5 ºC in April. In spite of the fact that the supercooling point of the diapause pupae did not exceed -15 °C in the late-winter and April, the pupae could not withstand temperatures below zero under a supercooling point. However, the findings show that the ability of pupae to tolerate in the diapause stage is more than the capacity of cold and frost environment, and therefore, temperatures below zero in winter cannot be considered as a significant risk for the survival of sugar beet moth.

Keywords

References

Ahmadi, F., Moharramipour, S. & Mikani, A. (2017) Photoperiodism of diapause induction in sugar beet moth, Scrobipalpa ocellatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). 7th International Symposium on the Environmental Physiology of Ectotherms and Plants 320-321.
Al-Keridis, L. A. (2016) Biology, Ecology and control Studies on Sugar-beet mining moth, Scrobipalpa ocellatella. Der Pharma Chemica 8, 166-171.
Bale, J. S. (1987) Insect cold hardiness: Freezing and supercooling- An ecophysiological perspective. Journal of Insect Physiology 33, 899-908.
Baust, J. G., & Rojas, R. R. (1985) Insect cold hardiness: facts and fancy. Journal of Insect Physiology 31, 755-759.
Behroozi, E., Izadi, H., Samih, M. A. & Moharamipour, S. (2012) Physiological strategy in overwintering larvae of pistachio white leaf borer, Ocneria terebinthina Strg. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Rafsanjan, Iran. Italian Journal of Zoology 79, 44–49.
CABI. (1967) Scrobipalpa ocellatella. [Distribution map], Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, CAB Publications. December, pp. Map 240, Available online: http://www.cabi.org / dmpp/search/?q=scrobipalpa+ocellatella
Denlinger, D. L. & Lee, R. E. (2010) Low temperature biology of insects. Cambridge University Press, U.K.
Denlinger, D. L. (1991) Relationship between cold hardiness and diapause. In Lee, R. E. & Denlinger, D. L. (Eds) Insect at low temperature (174-198). Chapman and Hall: NewYork and London
Denlinger, D. L. (2002) Regulation of diapause. Annual Review of Entomology 47, 93–122.
Esmaeli, M., Mirkarimi, A. & Azmaieshfard, P. (1996) Agricultural Entomology. University of Tehran Publication, Third Edition. 556 p.
Ganji, Z. & Moharramipour, S. (2015) Variation of supercooling point in overwintering larvae of Scrobipalpa ocellatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Crop Protection 4 (2), 145-156.
Ganji, Z. & Moharramipour, S. (2017) Cold hardiness strategy in field collected larvae of Scrobipalpa ocellatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 36(4), 287-296.
Hou, M., Lin, W., & Han, Y. (2009) Seasonal changes in supercooling points and glycerol content in overwintering larvae of the Asiatic rice borer from rice and water-oat plants. Environmental Entomology 38, 1182–1188.
Khani, A., & Moharamipour, S. (2011) Cold hardiness and supercooling capacity in the overwintering larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Journal of Insect Science 10(83), 1–12.
Khani, A., Moharramipour, S., & Barzegar, M. (2007) Cold tolerance and trehalose accumulation in overwintering larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). European Journal of Entomology 104, 385- 392.
Kheyri, M. (1991) Important Pests of Sugar beet and Their Control. Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Research and Education organization, Kalameh Publication Institute. Tehran. 126 pp. (in Persian).
Kheyri, M., Naiim, A., Fazeli, M., Djavan-Moghaddam, H. & Eghtedar, E. (1980) Some studies on Scrobipalpaocellatella Boyd in Iran. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 48, 1-39. (In Persian).
Kostal, V. (2006) Eco-physiological phases of insect diapause. Journal of Insect Physiology 52, 113-127.
Leather, S. R., K. F. A. Walters & Bale, J. S. (1993) The ecology of insect overwintering. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Lee, R. E. (1989) Insect cold-hardiness: to freeze or not to freeze? Bioscience, 39, 308-313.
Lee, R. E. (2010) A primer on insect cold-tolerance. pp. 3-34 in Denlinger, D. L. & Lee R. E. Jr. (Eds) Low Temperature Biology of Insects. Cambridge University.
Li, Y.P., Oguchi, S., & Goto, M. (2002) Physiology of diapause and cold hardiness in overwintering pupae of the apple leaf miner Phyllonorycter ringoniella. Physiological Entomology 27, 92–96.
Minder, I. F., Dudash, A. V., & Chesnek, S. I. (1984) Seasonal changes in the resistance to cold and the content of glycogen, glycerin and reducing sugars in the body of hibernating larvae of the codling moth (Laspeyresia pomonella). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 63, 1355–1362.
Neven, L. G. (1999) Cold hardiness adaptations of codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Cryobiology 38, 43–50.
Saeidi, F., S. Moharramipour, S. & Barzegar, M. (2012). Seasonal patterns of cold hardiness and cryoprotectant profiles in Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology 41, 1638-1643.
SPSS Inc. (2009) PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0. Chicago: SPSS Inc.
Timus, A. M. & Croitoru, N. J. (2006) The phytosanitary form and fighting measures diseases and pests of sugar beet from Republic of Moldova. Zbornik Matice Srpske Za Prirodne Nauke110, 227-238.
Valich, N., Vuchajnk, F., Ferenchak, B., Mlinarich, M. & Trdan, S. (2005) Monitoring of sugarbeet moth (Scrobipalpa ocellatella Boyd, Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) in Slovenia using pheromone traps. 7th Slovenian Conference in Plant Protection, Zrece, Slovenia, 8-10 March 2005. 454-458.
Watanabe, M., & Tanaka, K. (1999) Cold tolerance strategy of the freeze-intolerant chrysomelid, Aulacophora nigripennis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in warmtemperate region. European Journal of Entomology 96, 175–181.
Zachariassen, K. E. (1985) Physiology of cold tolerance in insects. Physiological Review, 65, 799-832.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics