Biology of cotton thistle leaf miner, Pegomya terebrans (Diptera: An-thomyiidae) in Urmia region, Iran

Document Type : Paper, Persian

Authors

1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

2 Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Field and laboratory surveys were carried out to study the biology of cotton thistle leaf miner, Pegomya terebrans (Rondani) in Urmia region. The results showed that the host plant species of this fly are restricted to three species of plants belonging to tribe Cynareae (Asteraceae), including Italian thistle Carduus pycnocephalus L. and two species of cotton thistle namely Onopordum acanthium L. and O. leptolepis DC.. The species has only one generation per year and hibernates as adults. After overwintering, adults become active and mate in late March. Fertile females begin oviposition in early April. The eggs are laid either singly or in groups of up to five in irregular shape under the leaves of the host plants. Depending on the daily temperature, they hatch within 6-10 days and young larvae immediately bores into the leaf and begins consumption in tissues between the leaf surfaces. The species has three larval instars and larval developmental time is 21 to 27 days in natural conditions. The full grown third instar larvae fall to the ground and pupate in the soil at a depth of 1 to 3 cm which its period lasts 4 to 5 months. The emergence of flies begins in mid-October and continues until late-November. They remain inactive for about five months in autumn and winter and become active in early spring, again. The larvae of P. terebrans were parasitized by Biosteres spinaciae (Thomson) in the studied region. Parasitic association between B. spinaciae and P. terebrans is reported for the first time.  

Keywords

References

Auerbach, M. J., Connor, E. F. & Mopper, S. (1995) Minor miners and major miners. Population dynamics of leaf mining insects, pp. 83-110. in Cappuccino, N. & Price, P. W. (eds.), Population dynamics. Academic, San Diego.
Beyarslan, A. & Fischer, M. (2011) Contributions to the Opiinae fauna of Turkey (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Turkish Journal of Zoology 35(3), 293-305.
Briese, D. T., Lane, D., Hyde-Wyatt, B. H., Crocker, J. & Diver, R. G. (1990) Distribution of thistles of the genus Onopordum in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 5, 23-27.
Briese, D. T. Sheppard, A. W. Zwölfer, H. & Boldt, P. E. (1994) Structure of the phytophagous insect fauna of Onopordum thistles in the northern Mediterranean basin Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 53, 231-253.
CAB International, Crop Protection Compendium, 2004 edition. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2004. Available from: http://www.cabi.org/compendia/ cpc/.
Cargill, L. M. Montgomery, D. P. Martin, D. L. & Jamison, J. D. (1998) Efficacy of postemergent herbicides for Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium L.) control along roadsides in Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Southern Weed Society 51, 192-195.
Dunn, P. (1976) Distribution of Carduus nutans, C. acanthoides, C. pycnocephalus and C. crispus, in the United States. Weed Science 24, 518-524.
Dymock, J. J. (1987) Population changes of the seedfly, Pegohylemyia jacobaeae (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) introduced for biological control of ragwort, New Zealand Journal of Zoology 14(3), 337-342.
Fischer, M. & Koponen, M. (1999) A survey of Opiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Finland, part 2. Entomologica Fennica 10, 129-160.
Ghahari, H. & Fischer, M. (2012) A faunistic survey on the braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Kermanshah province, Iran. Entomofauna 33 (20), 305–312.
Godfray, H. C. J. (1986) Clutch size in a leaf – mining fly (Pegomya nigritarsis: Anthomyiidae). Ecological Entomology 11, 75-81.
Godfray, H. C. J. (1988) Biosteres spinaciae (Thomson) [Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Opiinae], a new parasitic wasp to Britain. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 124, 251-252.
Goeden, R. (1974) Comparative survey of the phytophagous insect faunas of Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus, in southern California and southern Europe relative to biological weed control. Environmental Entomology 3, 464-474.
Harizanova, V., Stoeva, A., Cristofaro, M., Paolini, A., Lecce, F. & Di Cristina, F. (2010) Preliminary Results on the Phytophagous Insect Fauna on Onopordum acanthium (Asteraceae) in Bulgaria. Pesticides and Phytomedicine 25(4), 301-309.
Heidarian, M. Masoumi, S. M. & Atri, M. (2015) Ecological Study of Carduus pycnocephalus L. weed and associated species in Hamedan province, Iran. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 2(1), 71-78.
Hespenheide, H. A. (1991) Bionomics of leaf-mining insects. Annual Review of Entomology 36, 535-560.
Holloway, B. A. (1983) Species of ragwort seedflies imported into New Zealand (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 26, 245-249.
Kagata, H. & Ohgushi, T. (2001) Clutch Size Adjustment of a Leaf-Mining Moth (Lyonetiidae: Lepidoptera) in Response to Resource Availability. Annales of Entomological Society of America 95(2), 213-217.
Karimpour, Y. & Mohebbi-Nia, M. (2018) First report of cotton thistle leaf-miner, Pegomya terebrans (Rondani) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) from Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 38 (1), 129-131. [in Persian with English summary]
Kelsey, J. M. (1955) Ragwort seedfly establishment in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 36(6), 605-607.
Miller, D. (1970) Biological control of weeds in New Zealand 1927-1948. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Information Series No. 74.
Papp, J. (2009) Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from Mongolia, XVII. eleven subfamilies. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 55(2), 139–173.
Safahani, S., Madjdzadeh, S. M. & Peris-Felipo, F. J. (2018) Contribution to the fauna and phenological knowledge of high mountains Opiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) in Kerman province (Iran). Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 4(2), 73–83.
Sindel, B. A. (1991) Review of the ecology and control of thistles in Australia. Weed Research 31, 189-201.
Suwa, M. (1974) Anthomyiidae of Japan. Insecta Matsumurana, New series: journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Hokkaido University, series entomology 4, pp.1-247.
Tobias, V. I. (2000) New data on subfamily Opiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from the Russian Far East. Far Eastern Entomologist 83, 1-16.
Vitou, J. Briese, D. T. Sheppard, A. W. & Thomann, T. (2001) Comparative biology of two rosette crown-feeding flies of the genus Botanophila (Dip., Anthomyiidae) with potential for biological control of their thistle hosts. Journal of Applied Entomology 125, 89-95.
Xue, F. S. Shen, R. W. & Zhu, X. F. (1991) Biology and Diapause in Pegomya bicolor Wiedmann. pp. 409-414.  in Zhou, D. Y. Jia, P. H. & Cheng, D. F.  (eds.), Proceedings of First Symposium on Plant Protection. Beijing, Chinese Science and Technology Press.
Xue, F. S. Zhu, X. F. & Shao, Z. Y. (2001) Control of summer and winter diapause in the leaf mining fly Pegomya bicolor Wiedemann (Dip., Anthomyiiade). Journal of Applied Entomology 125, 181-187.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics