یادگیری بویایی و دوام حافظه در زنبور Venturia canescens (Hym.: Ichneumonidae)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل، فارسی

نویسندگان

گروه گیاهپزشکی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

یادگیری نشانه‌های جدید در تمامی شاخه‌های زیستی جانوران از موجودات تک‌سلولی تا پستانداران به صورت‌های مختلف رخ می‌دهد. حشرات برخلاف جثه کوچک و طول عمر کوتاه، توانایی خارق العاده‌ای را در یادگیری، به خاطر سپردن و
بکارگیری نشانه­های مختلف محیطی مرتبط با حضور میزبان و منابع غذایی دارا می‌باشند. این توانایی از عوامل موثر در
افزایش کارایی و قدرت جستجوگری دشمنان‌طبیعی همچون زنبورهای پارازیتوئید مانند زنبور Venturia canescens می‌باشد. زنبور V. canescens از مهمترین پارازیتوئیدهای شب­پره­های خانواده Pyralidae  می‌باشد. در این پژوهش توانایی یادگیری بویایی زنبور V. canescens نسبت به دو رایحه بویایی نعناع و لیمو با استفاده از دستگاه بویایی­سنج دو راهه‌ی Y شکل بررسی شد. نتایج  نشان داد که زنبور V. canescens نسبت به رایحه‌های بویایی نعناع و لیمو ترجیح ذاتی نداشت. اما بعد از شرطی­سازی زنبورهای ماده، بین پاسخ‌های بویایی به رایحه بویایی شرطی (رایحه نعناع) و غیرشرطی (رایحه لیمو) تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود داشت. همچنین دوام حافظه زنبور V. canescens تا 27 ساعت بعد از شرطی‌سازی و در غیاب تجربه برخورد با رایحه فراگرفته شده، ادامه یافت. شناخت توانایی یادگیری و دوام حافظه در دشمنان طبیعی از جمله زنبور V. canescensمی‌تواند باعث کاربرد موفق‌تر پارازیتوییدها در برنامه‌های کنترل بیولوژیک آفات گیاهی گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Olfactory learning and memory retention in Venturia canescens (Hym.: Ichneumonidae)

نویسندگان [English]

  • H. Kishani Farahani
  • Y. Moghaddasi
  • Pouria Abrun
  • A. Ashouri
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Learning new cues in all branches of biological organisms, ranging from unicellular organisms to mammals, occurs in different ways. In spite of their small size and short life span, insects have an extraordinary ability to learn, memorize and use environmental cues associated with the hosts and their food sources. Having the ability to learn and recalling the cues associated with the presence of prey / host is a key factor that increases the performance and foraging capacity of biocontrol agents including the ichneumonid parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens which is one of the most important parasitoids of the family Pyralidae in the world. In this research the learning ability of V. canescens in presence of peppermint and lemon odors was investigated by Y- Olfactometer. Results showed that the wasp had no significant preference towards peppermint or lemon, but after conditioning the female wasp, a meaningful difference was observed between her response to the conditioned odor (peppermint) and unconditioned odors (lemon). Her memory's lasting period continued for 27 hours after conditioning in the absence of the learned cues. Recognizing the learning ability and memory retention of the biocontrol agent V. canescens helps improve the efficiency of its application in biological control programs.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • memory retention
  • performance
  • experience
  • searching capacity
  • olfactory learning
Arthur, A. P. (1966) Associative learning in Itoplectis conguisitor (Say) (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae). Canadian Entomologist 98, 213-220.
Arthur, A. P. (1967) Influence of position and size of host shelter on host-searching by Itoplectis conguisitor (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae). Canadian Entomologist 99, 877-886.
Begum, M., Gurr, G. M., Wraten, D. S. & Nicol, H. I. (2004) Flower color affects tri-trophic-level biocontrol interaction. Biological Control 30, 584-590.
Corley, C., Villacide, J. M. & Van Nouhuys, S. (2010) Patch time allocation by a parasitoid: the influence of con-specifics, host abundance and distance to the patch. Journal of Insect Behavior 23(6), 431-440.
Doutt, R. I. (1959) The biology of parasitic hymenoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 4, 161-182.
Drickamer, L. C., Vessey, S. H. & Jakob, E. M. (2002) Animal behavior: Mechanisms, ecology, evolution. 432 pp. McGraw Hill. New York.
Dutton, A., Mattiacci, L. & Dorn, S. (2000) Learning used as a strategy for host age location in an endophytic host-parasitoid system. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 94, 123-132.
Eisenhardt, D. (2006) Learning and memory formation in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and its dependency on the cAMP-protein kinase A pathway. Animal Biology 56, 259-278.
Gandolfi, M., Mattiacci, L. & Dorn, S. (2003) Pre-imaginal learning determines adult response to chemical stimuli in a parasitic wasp. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 270, 2623-2629.
Geeryleit, J. B. F., Vreugdenhil, I., Dicke, M. & Vet, E. L. M. (1998) Learning to discriminate between infochemicals from different plant-host complexes by the parasitoids Cotesia glomerata and C. rubecula. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 86, 241-252.
Goubault, M., Krespi, L., Boivin, G., Poinsot, D., Nenon, J. P. & Cortesero, A. M. (2004) Intraspecific variations in host discrimination behavior in the pupal parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae Rondani (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Environmental Entomology 33(2), 362-369.
Hastings, A. & Godfray, H. C. J. (1999) Learning, host fidelity, and the stability of host-parasitoid communities. The American Naturalist 153(3), 295-301.
Huigens, M. E., Woelke, J. B., Pashalidou, F. G., Bukovinszky, T. & Smid, H. M. (2010) Chemical espionage on species-specific butterfly anti-aphrodisiacs by hitchhiking Trichogramma wasps. Behavioral Ecology 21, 470-478.
Keasar, T., Ney-Nifle, M., Mangel, M. & Swezey, S. (2000) Early oviposition experience affects patch residence time in a foraging parasitoid. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 98, 123-132.
Kishani Farahani, H., Ashouri, A., Goldansaz, S. H. & Allahyari, H. (2012a) Biology of Venturia canescens, a Larval Parasitoid of Carob Moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae under Laboratory Conditions. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 43(1), 111-119. [In Persian with English summery]
Kishani Farahani, H., Ashouri, A., Goldansaz, S. H., Shapiro, M. S., Piere, J.S. & Van Baaren, J. (2016) Decrease of memory retention in a parasitic wasp: an effect of host manipulation by Wolbachia?. Insect science DOI, 10.1111/1744-7917.12348.
Kishani Farahani, H., Ashouri, A., Goldansaz, S. H., Shapiro, M. S., Golshani, A. & Abrun, P. (2013) Learning and memory duration of Wolbachia infected Trichogramma brassicae (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae). Biological Control of Pests & plant Diseases 2(1), 53-63. [In Persian with English summery]
Kishani Farahani, H., Goldansaz, S. H. & Sabahi, Q. (2012b) A survey on the over-wintering larval parasitoids of Ectomyelois ceratoniae in three regions in Iran. Crop Protection 36, 52-57.
Kruidhof, H. M., Pashalidou, F. G., Fatouros, N. E., Figueroa, I. A., Vet, L. E. M., Smid, H. M. & Huigens, M. E. (2012) Reward value determines memory consolidation in parasitic wasps. PLoS ONE 7(8), e39615.
Langley, S. A. & Tilmon, K. J. (2006) Learning by the parasitoid wasp, Aphidius ervi (Hym.: Braconidae), alters individual fixed preference for pea aphid color morphs. Oecologia 150, 172-179.
Lizuka, T.& Takasu, K. (1998) Olfactory associative learning of the pupal parasitoid Pimpla luctuosa Smith (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 11(5), 743-760.
Louapre, P., Van Baaren, J., Pierre, J. S. & Van Alphen, J. J. M. (2011) Information gleaned and former patch quality determines foraging behavior of parasitic wasps. Behavioral Ecology 22(5), 1064-1069.
Margulies, C., Tully, T. & Dubnau, J. (2005) Deconstructing memory in Drosophila. Current Biology 15, 700-713.
Meiners, T., Wackers, F. L. & Lewis, W. J. (2003) Associative learning of complex odors in parasitoid host location. Chemiecal Senses 28, 231-263.
Muller, C., Collatz, J., Weiland, R. & Sateidle, J. L. M. (2006) Associative learning and memory duration in the parasitic wasp Lariophagus distinguendus. Animal Biology 56(2), 221-232.
Outreman, Y., Le Ralac, A., Wajnberg, E. & Pierre, J. S. (2005) Effect of within and among patch experiences on the patch leaving decision rules in insect parasitoids. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 58(2), 208-217.
Papaj, D. R. & Lewis, A. C. (1993) Insect learning: Ecological and evolutionary perspectives. 398 pp. Chapman & Hall, New York.
Reineke, A., Asgari, S. & Schmidt, O. (2006) Evolutionary origin of Venturia canescens Virus-Like Particles. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 61(3), 123-133.
Salt, G. (1975) The fate of an internal parasitoid, Nemeritis canescens, in a variety of insects. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 127, 141-161.
Segura, D. F., Viscarret, M. & Paladino, L. Z. C. (2007) Role of visual information and learning in habitat selection by a generalist parasitoid foraging for concealed hosts. Animal Behavior 74, 131-142.
Smid, H. M. & Vet, L. E. M. (2006) Learning in insects: From behavior to brain. Animal Behavior 56(2), 121-124.
Smid, H. M., Wang, G. H., Bukovinszky, T., Steidle, J. L. M., Bleeker, M. A. K., Van Loon, J. J. A. & Vet, L. E. M. (2007) Species-specific acquisition and consolidation of long-term memory in parasitic wasps. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274(1617), 1539-1546.
Stireman, J. O. (2002) Learning in the generalist Tachinid parasitoid Exorista mella Walker (Dip.: Tachinidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 15(5), 689-706.
Taylor, R. J. (1974) Role of learning in insect parasitism. Ecological Monographs 44, 89-104.
Theil, A., Schalke, S. & Kosior, D. (2013) Omnia tempus habent: habitat-specific differences in olfactory learning and decision making in parasitic wasps. Animal Cognition 16, 223-232.
Thiel, A. & Hoffmeister, T. S. (2009) Decision-making dynamics in parasitoids of Drosophila. Advances in Parasitology 70, 45-66.
Turlings, T. C. J., Wackers, F. L., Vet, L. E. M., Lewis, W. J. & Tumlinson, J. H. (1993) Learning of host-finding cues by hymenopterous parasitoids. pp. 51-78. in Papaj DR, Lewis AC (Eds), Insect learning: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Chapman &Hall. New York.
Van Alphen, J. J. M., Bemstein, C. & Driessen, G. (2003) Information acquisition and time allocation in insect parasitoids. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18, 81-87.
Van Baaren, J. & Boivin, G. (1998) Learning affects host discrimination behavior in a parasitoid wasp. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 42, 9-16.
Vet, L. E. M., Lewis, W. J. & Carde, R. T. (1995) Parasitoid foraging and learning. pp. 65-101.In Carde RT, Bell WJ (Eds), Chemical ecology of insects. Chapman & Hall. New York.
Vinson, S. B. (1976) Host selection by insect parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology 21, 109-133.
Wajnberg, E. & Colazza, S. (2013) Chemical ecology of insect parasitoids. Wiley-Blackwell. UK.
Wajnberg, E., Rosi, M. C. & Colazza, S. (1999) Genetic variation in patch time allocation in a parasitic wasp. Journal of Animal Ecology 68,121-133.