Investigating the effect of some insecticides on Pulvinaria aurantii Ckll. and its predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant

Document Type : Paper, Persian

Authors

1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil

2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran,

3 Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Ramsar, Iran

4 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht

Abstract

The orange pulvinaria scale, Pulvinaria aurantii Ckll. is the most important scale of citrus in the northern Iran. The lethal effects of chlorpyrifos, pyripropoxyfen, acetamiprid and palazin, alone and in combination with emulsifying oil, were evaluated on first-instar nymphs of P. aurantii. The experiment was conducted under natural condition in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 10 treatments, and treatments effect was compared 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after spraying. Moreover, the effect of these insecticides was investigated on duration of immature stages and female longevity of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant. The activity of some detoxification enzymes (alpha-esterase, beta-esterase and glutathion-S-transferase) in third instar larvae was evaluated. The experiments on the ladybird were conducted under laboratory conditions at 26±1ºC, 75±5% RH and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. The treatments with acetamiprid + oil, pyripropoxyfen + oil, chlorpyrifos + oil and palazin + oil had the highest mortality on first nymphal instar of the scale. The longest incubation period of C. montrouzieri was in chlorpyrifos treatment (8.13 days), and the shortest was in control (4.80 days). Moreover, among treatments the female longevity of C. montrouzieri was the longest in control (96.60 days), and shortest in chlorpyrifos treatment (53.50 days). Chlorpyriphos and acetamipirid caused the highest reduction in alpha-esterase and glutathion-S-transferase activities of the third larval instar of C. montrouzieri, respectively. Also, palizin had less negative effect on the activity of beta-esterase in comparison with other tested insecticides. The results of this study indicated that among tested compounds, palizin in combination with the oil is a suitable compound to control of the orange pulvinaria scale.

Keywords


Agricultural statistics of horticultural products of Agriculture-Jahad Ministry. (2016) Deputy of Planning and Economics. Center for Information and Communication Technology. Tehran, Iran. Available from: http://www.maj.ir
Alvandy, S., Aghabaglou, S., Goldasteh, S. & Rafiei Karahroudi, Z. (2013) Study on side effects of diazinon and imidacloprid on Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleop-tera: Coccinellidae) under laboratory conditions in indirect method in first and second generation (prey treated with insecticide). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 1(5), 78-80.
Booth, L.H. & O’Halloran, K. (2001) A comparison of biomarker responses in the earth-worm Aporrectodea caliginosa to the organophosphorous insecticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 2494- 2502.
Bradford, M. M. (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Annals of Bichemis-try 72, 248-254.
Damavandian, M. R. & Tavakoli, S. (2004) Laboratory bioassay to estimate LC50 & LC90 of mineral oil on second and third instar and females of Pulvinaria aurantii Ckll. Proceeding of 16th Iranian plant protection congress. University of Tabriz. 28 Agu-1 Sep 2004. 226. [In Persian].
Enayati, A. A., Ranson, H., Hemingway, J. 2005. Insect glutathione transferases and in-secticide resistance. Insect Molecular Biology 14, 3-8.
Eshaghi Sani, J., Toorani, A. H., Abbasipour, H. & Amiri, B. (2017) Comparative effect of chemical and botanical pesticides on the first nymph instar of white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona and its predator, Chilocorus bipustulatus ladybird in the field conditions. 2nd Iranian International Congress of Entomology. P.48.
Gholamzadeh-Chitgar, M. Hajizadeh, J. Ghadamyari, M. Karimi-Malati, A. & Hoda, H. (2015) Effects of sublethal concentration of diazinon, fenitrothion and chlorpyr-ifos on demographic and some biochemical parameters of predatory bug, Andrallus spinidens Fabricius (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in laboratory conditions. Interna-tional Journal of Pest Management 61(3), 204-211.
Gholamzadeh-Chitgar, M. (2017) Effect of insecticidal soap, Palizin on the crapemyrtle aphid, Tinocallis kahawaluokalani and its coccinellid predator, Harmonia axyridis un-der laboratory conditions. Journal of Plant Pests Research 6 (4), 89-95.
Habig, W. H., Pabst, M. J. & Jakoby, W. B. (1974) Glutathion s-transferase, the first step in mercapturic acid formation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 249, 7130-7139.
Hallajisani, M. F. (2000) Investigation of bioecology of the orange citrus scale Pulvinaria aurantii Ckll. in North of Iran. MSc Thesis. University of Guilan. [In Persian].
Hallajisani, M. F. (2018) Management control of orange Pulvinaria scale, Pulvinaria au-rantii Ckll. in citrus orchards of Mazandaran province. Final Report of the Project. Hor-ticultural Science Research Institute. Citrus and Subtropical Research Center. [In Per-sian].
He, Y. Zhao, J. Zheng, Y. Desneux, N. & Wu, K. (2012) Lethal effect of imidacloprid on the coccinellid predator Serangium japonicum and sublethal effects on predator voracity and on functional response to the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Ecotoxicology 21, 1291–1300.
Hollingworth, R. M. & Dong K. (2008). The biochemical and molecular genetic basis of resistance to pesticides in arthropods. In: Whalon ME, Mota- Sanchez D, Hollingworth RM (eds), Global pesticide resistance in arthropods, CABI, Wallingford, UK, 5-31.
Jones, C. M. Daniels, M., Andrew, M. & Slater, Russell. (2011) Age-specific expression of a P450 monooxygenase (CYP6CM1) correlates with neonicotinoid resistance in Be-misia tabaci. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 101, 53-58
Khani, A., Ahmadi, F. & Ghadamyari, M. (2012) Side effects of imidacloprid and abamectin on the mealybug destroyer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. Trakia Journal of Sciences 10(3), 30-35.
Kumral, N. A., Gencer, N. S., Susurluk, H. & Yalcin, C. (2011) A comparative evaluation of the susceptibility to insecticides and detoxifying enzyme activities in Stethorus gilvifrons (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Panonychus ulmi (Acarina: Tetranychidae). International Journal of Acarology 37(3), 255-268. Michaud, J.P. & Angela, K.G. (2003) Sub-lethal effects of a copper sulfate fungicide on development and reproduction in three coccinellid species. Journal of Insect Sci-ence, 3(1).
Mirhaghparast, S. K. Zibaee, A. & Hoda H. (2014). Effects of pyriproxyfen on inter-mediary metabolism of rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidop-tera: Crambidae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 86(1), pp.187-197.
Modarres Aval, M. (2002) Iran's Agricultural Pest List and their Natural Enemies (3th ed.). Ferdowsi University Press, Mashhad. [In Persian].
Mostafaloo, V., Afshari, A., Yazdanian, M. & Sarailoo, M. H. (2012) Effects of chlorpyr-ifos and abamectin on development of the immature stages of Cryptolaemus montrouzi-eri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Plant Pest Research 2 (1), 39-47.
Nabti, D., Achou, M. & Soltani, N. (2014) The toxic effect of the pesticides on Apis mellif-era intermissa (Hymenoptera, Apidae): glutathione S-transferase activity. Advances in Applied Science Research 5(4), 51-55.
Planes, L., Catala´ n, J., Tena, A., Porcuna, J. L., Jacas, J. A., Izquierdo, J. & Urbaneja, A. (2013) Lethal and sublethal effects of spirotetramat on the mealybug destroyer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. Journal of Pest Science 86, 321–327.
Rajabpour, A. (2005) Investigation on population dynamics and spatial distribution, deter-mination of Economic Injury Level of Pulvinaria aurantii (Cockerell) on Thompson Novel orange in Sari and evaluation of two mineral oils efficiency for its control. Mas-ter's Thesis. University of Ahwaz. [In Persian].
Raymond, A. C. & Dickinson A. (2006) Effect of insecticides on mealybug destroyer (Col-eoptera: Coccinellidae) and parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii (Hymenoptera: Encyr-tidae), natural enemies of citrus mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 99(5), 1596-1604.
Saedi, S., Damavandian, M. R. & Dadpour Moghanloo, H. (2018) Laboratory evaluation of the toxicity of mineral oil, Diazinon, Malathion and Chlorpyrifos on ladybird, Cryp-tolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Col.: Coccinellidae). Journal of Crop Protection 7(1), 1-11.
Shaaban, A., Badary, H. & Noha, A. (2012) Control measures of two soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) infesting guava and mango trees in Egypt. The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology 65, 55–61.
Shahnazari Aval, S. (2013) Evaluation of insecticidal and synergistic effects of alkyl suc-cinate (DG®) oil on control of citrus pillows, Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell (Homoptera: Coccidae). MSc Thesis. University of Shahed. [In Persian].
Smith, S. F. & V. A. Krischik. (2000) Effects of biorational pesticides on four coccinellid species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) having potential as biological control agents in In-teriorscapes. Journal of Economic Entomology 93(3), 732-736.
van Asperen, K. (1962) A study of housefly esterases by means of a sensitive colorimetric method. Journal of Insect Physiology 8, 401-416.