تغییرات تراکم سلولهای خونی در لاروهای دیاپوزی و غیر دیاپوزی زنبور مغزخوار طلایی پسته Megastigmus pistaciae (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) با تغذیه از ارقام مختلف پسته

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل، انگلیسی

نویسندگان

گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود، شاهرود، ایران

10.61186/jesi.43.4.3

چکیده

ایمنی سلولی همراه با فعالیت سلول‌های خونی، یکی از جنبه‌های مهم ایمنی ذاتی در حشرات است. نقش هموسیتها در مقابله با تنش‌ها و آلودگی‌های وارد شده به همولنف، کلیدی است. آنها با تغییر در تعداد، شکل و تیپ در مقابل تنش‌ها واکنش نشان می‌دهند و  شناسایی این سلولها و تنوع آنها اولین مرحله از مطالعات ایمنی شناسی محسوب می‌شود. دفاع هیومرال معمولا با اندکی تاخیر نسبت به دفاع سلولی و با فعالیت آنزیم فنل اکسیداز و پپتیدهای ضد‌میکروبی همراه است. تحقیق حاضر به بررسی ویژگی‌های ایمنی شناسی لاروهای دیاپوزی و غیردیاپوزی لاروهای زنبور مغزخوار طلایی پسته با تغذیه از رقم‌های مختلف پسته می‌پردازد. زنبور Megastigmus pistaciae یکی از آفات مهم و مخرب پسته در سالهای اخیر است. بعد از جمع‌آوری میوه های آلوده و انتقال آنها به آزمایشگاه، همولنف لاروها استخراج شد و هموسیتها بعد از رنگ آمیزی با گیمسا شناسایی شدند. چهار نوع سلول خونی در همولنف شناسایی شد: پروهموسیت‌ها، پلاسماتوسیت‌ها، گرانولوسیت‌ها و اونوسیتوئیدها.  اندازه مرفومتریک هموسیت‌ها با استفاده از میکروسکوپ نوری تعیین شد. شمارش تفرقی هموسیت‌ها در همولنف لارو، شفیره و حشرات کامل انجام شد. فراوانی گرانولوسیت‌ها در لاروها (بیشتر از 4/2 ±35 %)  و بالاتر از فراوانی گرانولوسیت‌ها در شفیره و بالغین به دست آمد. در مطالعه تغییرات سلولهای خونی در لاروهای دیاپوزی و غیردیاپوزی با تغذیه از رقم‌های مختلف پسته، نتایج نشان داد که تراکم هموسیتها در لاروهای غیر دیاپوزی تغذیه کرده از تمام رقمها به طور معنی داری بیشتر از لاروهای دیاپوزی بود. به علاوه، تعداد کل سلولهای خونی، گرانولوسیتها، اونوسیتوئیدها و پروهموسیت‌ها در لاروهای تغذیه کرده از رقم‌های پسته کله‌قوچی و شاپسند، بیشتر از موارد مشابه در لاروهای تغذیه کرده از رقم‌های خنجری، اکبری و نخودی بود. نتایج مربوط به تغییرات آنزیم فنل اکسیداز مشابه نتایج مربوط به تغییرات هموسیت‌ها بود. به عبارت دیگر، فعالیت این آنزیم در لاروهای غیر دیاپوزی بیشتر از لاروهای دیاپوزی و در لاروهای تغذیه کرده از ارقام کله قوچی و شاپسند بیشتر از لاروهای تغذیه کرده از سایر ارقام بود. شناسایی هموسیت‌ها و تغییرات آنها در لاروهای دیاپوزی و غیردیاپوزی زنبور مغزخوار طلایی پسته با تغذیه از رقم‌های پسته برای اولین بار انجام شده است و می‌تواند زمینه‌ساز مطالعات بعدی ایمنی‌شناسی این حشره باشد. به نظر می‌رسد دیاپوز و نوع رژیم غذایی می‌تواند به نوعی تعیین کننده واکنش ایمنی حشره در مقابل بیمارگرها باشد. تحقیقات تکمیلی در این زمینه می تواند در روش‌های کنترل میکروبی این آفت موثر باشد.

چکیده تصویری

تغییرات تراکم سلولهای خونی در لاروهای دیاپوزی و غیر دیاپوزی زنبور مغزخوار طلایی پسته Megastigmus pistaciae (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) با تغذیه از ارقام مختلف پسته

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Different pistachio cultivars impair hemocyte frequencies in diapausing and nondiapausing larvae of pistachio seed chalcid, Megastigmus pistaciae (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Ajamhassani
  • Zahra Ebrahimi Zadeh
  • Fatemeh Abdos
  • Bijan Ahangi Rashti
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
چکیده [English]

 Cellular immunity with the activity of hemocytes is one of the important phases of innate immunity in insects. The role of hemocytes is key in dealing with the stresses and contaminations introduced to the insect hemolymph. These cells react by changing their number, shape, and type during stress. Identifying hemocytes and their diversity is the first step in immunological studies. Humoral defense usually starts with a little delay after cellular immunity, which is associated with the activity of phenol oxidase and antimicrobial peptides. The present study was conducted to investigate the immunology of diapausing and non-diapausing larvae of Megastigmus pistaciae fed on different varieties of pistachio. The pistachio seed chalcid, M. pistaciae, has been one of the key and destructive pests of pistachio in recent years. After collecting infected fruits and transferring them to the laboratory, hemolymph of larvae was extracted and hemocytes were identified after staining with Giemsa solution. Four types of hemocytes were seen in the hemolymph of larvae: prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes and oenocytoids. The morphometric sizes of the cells were determined by light microscopy. Differential hemocyte count in hemolymph of larvae, pupae, and adult was determined. The frequency of granulocytes in the larvae was the highest (more than 35±2.4%) and higher than the frequency of granulocytes in pupa and adult. In the study of changes of blood cells in diapausing and non-diapausing larvae feeding on different cultivars, results showed that the hemocyte density of non-diapause larvae that fed on all cultivars was significantly higher than the number of diapause larval hemocytes. In addition, the total hemocyte count, granulocytes, oenocytoids, and prohemocytes in larvae which fed on Kaleghochi and Shapasand cultivars was higher than similar cases on larvae fed on Khanjari, Akbari and Nokhodi cultivars. Changes in phenol oxidase activity in different treatments were similar to changes in blood cells. On the other hand, the activity of this enzyme was higher in non-diapausing larvae than diapausing larvae and more than on larvae that fed on Kaleghochi and Shapasand cultivars as compared with other cultivars. Identification of hemocytes and their changes in diapausing and nondiapausing of pistachio seed chalcid, M. pistaciae, by feeding on different pistachio cultivars, is done for the first time and could be the basis for further studies to identify the immunological characteristics of this pest. It seems that diapause and type of the diet can determine the immune response of the insects against the entomopathogens. Additional research in this field can be effective in the microbial control methods of this pest.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Insects immunity
  • cellular defense
  • humoral defense
  • feeding
  • diapause
  • blood cell

© 2023 by Author(s), Published by the Entomological Society of Iran

This Work is Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International Public License

مراجع

Ajamhassani, M. (2019) Study on morphology and frequency of hemocytes in Osphranteria coerulescense (Redt) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) larvae, two wood boring insects of Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Rangeland Protection Research, 17: 96-106. Doi: 10.22092/ijfrpr.2019.123998.1358
Ajamhassani, M. & Aghaei, M. (2022) Identification of haemocytes insugar beet weevil, Lixus incanescens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran. 42(3): 249-253. DOI: 10.52547/JESI.42.3.8.
Ajamhassani, M. & Amirijami, S. (2020) Effect of ascorbic acid, sorbitol and mannitol carbohydrates on feeding indices and immune system of Ephestia kuehniella (Lep.: Pyralidae). Biocontrol in Plant Protection. (In Persian with English summary). 7(2). 77-90.
Amaral, I., Neto, J., Pereira, G., Franco, M., Beletti, M., Kerr, W., Bonetti, A. & Vieira, C. (2010). Circulating hemocytes from larvae of Melipona scutellaris (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Pr Pl Oe Gr Pl Pl 10 µm Meliponini): Cell types and their role in phagocytosis. Micron. 41, 123–129. DOI:10.1016/j.micron.2009.10.003
Alvarado, L. E. C., MacMillan, H. A. & Sinclair, B. J. (2015) Chill-tolerant Gryllus crickets maintain ion balance at low temperatures. Journal of Insect Physiology. 77, 15–25. Doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.03.015
Basirat, M. & Seyedoleslami, H. (2000). Biology of Pistachio Seed Wasp [Eurytoma plotnikovi Nikolskaya (Hym: Eurytomidae)] in Isfahan Province, Iran. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture And Natural Resources. 137-147. (In Persian with English summary).
Blumberg, D. (1976). Extreme temperatures reduce encapsulation of insect parasitoids in their insect hosts. Experientia, 32, 1396–1397.
Bradford, M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 722, 48-254.
Duplouy, A., Minard, G., Lahteenaro, M., Rytteri, S. & Saastamoinen, M. (2018) Silk properties and overwinter survival in gregarious butterfly larvae. Original Research, 12443-12455. DOI.org/10.1002/ece3.4595
Duarte, J. P., Silva, C. E., Ribeiro, P. B. & Carcamo, M. C. (2020). Do dietary stresses affect the immune system of Periplaneta americana (Blattaria: Blattidae)? Brazilian Journal of Biology, 80: 73-80.DOI.org/10.1590/1519-6984.190035
Graham, R, I., Deacutis, J. M., Pulpitel, T., Ponton, F., Simpson, S. J. & Wilson, K., (2014) Locusts increase carbohydrate consumption to protect against a fungal biopesticide. Journal of Insect Physiology, 69: 27-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.05.015
Ebrahimi, M. & Ajamhassani, M. (2020) Investigating the effect of starvation and various nutritional types on the hemocytic profile and phenoloxidase activity in the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Invertebrate Survival Journal, 17, 175-185.
Ghosh, S, Prasad, A. K. & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2018) Effects of feeding regimes on hemocyte counts in two congeners of Hyposidra (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Entomologia Generalis, 1, 73-82. DOI:10.1127/entomologia/2018/0377
Gupta, A. P. (1985). Cellular elements in the haemolymph, pp. 85–127. In: Kerkut, G.A. and Gilbert, L.I. (eds.), Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. Cambridge University Press.
Jones, J. C. (1962) Current concepts concerning insect hemocytes. American Zoologist 2, 209-246.
Karadag, S., Sarpkaya, K., Konukoglu, F., Aktugtahdasi, S. & Gundogdu, O. (2011) Determination of Selected Biological Characteristics of Pistachio Seed Chalcid (Megastigmus pistaciae Walker) (Hym.: Torymidae) for Its Managements in Southeast Turkey. Acta Horticulturae. 731-738. DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.912.109
Lavin, M. D. & Strand, M. R. (2002). Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity. Insect Biochemistry Molecular and Biology, 32: 1295-1309. DOI.org/10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00092-9
Lee, K. P., Simpson, S. J. & Wilson, K. (2008) Dietary protein‐quality influences melanization and immune function in an insect. Functional Ecology, 22: 1052-1061. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2435. 2008. 01459.x
Leonard, C., Söderhäll, K., and Ratcliffe, N. A. (1985). Studies on prophenoloxidase and protease activity of Blaberus craniifer haemocytes. Journal of Insect Biochemistry, 15(6): 803-810. DOI.org/10.1016/0020-1790(85)90109-X
Lubawy, J. & Sticinska, M. (2020) Characterization of Gromphadorhina coquereliana hemolymph under cold stress. Scientific Reports. 10:12076. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68941-z
Maklakov, A. A., Simpson, S. J, Zajitschek, F., Hall, M. D, Dessmann, J. & Clissold, F. (2008) Sex-specific fitness effects of nutrient intake on reproduction and lifespan. Current Biology. 18: 1062-1066. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.059
Manjula, P., Lalitha, K. & Shivakumar, M. S. (2020) Diet composition has a differential effect on immune tolerance in insect larvae exposed to Mesorhabditis belari, Enterobacter hormaechei and its metabolites. Experimental Parasitology. 208: 1-7. DOI.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107802
Mason, A. P., Smilanich, A. M. & Singer, M. S. (2014) Reduced consumption of protein-rich foods follows immune challenge in a polyphagous caterpillar. Journal of Experimental Biology. 217: 2250-2260. DOI:10.1242/jeb.093716
Mohamad, H. & Amro, A. (2022) Impact of diferent diets nutrition on the ftness and hemocytic responses of the greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology. 83:1-11. DOI:10.1186/s41936-022-00274-x
Nakahara, Y., Kanamori, Y., Kiuchi, M. & Kamimura, M. (2003) In vitro studies of hematopoiesis in the silkworm: Cell proliferation in and hemocyte discharge 185 from the hematopoietic organ. Journal of Insect Physiology. 49, 907-916. DOI:10.1016/s0022-1910(03)00149-5
Nakamura, A., Miyado, K., Takezawa, Y., Ohnami, N., Sato, M., Ono, C. & Umezawa, A. (2011) Innate immune system still works at diapause, a physiological state of dormancy in insects. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 410, 351–357. Doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.015
Nappi, A. J. & Silvers, M. (1984) Cell surface changes associated with cellular immune reactions in Drosophila. Science, 225, 1166–1168. DOI:10.1126/science.6433482
Pourali, Z. & Ajamhassani, M. (2018) The effect of thermal stresses on the immune system of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 37: 515-525. (In Persian with English Summary). DOI: 10.22117/jesi.2018.116103
Rice, R. E. & Michailides, T. J. (1988). Pistachio seed chalcid, Megastigmus pistaciae walker (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), in california, Journal of Economic Entomology, 81 (5): 1446-1449 DOI.org/10.1093/jee/81.5.1446
Rowley, A. F. & Ratclife, N. A. A. (1978) histological study of wound healing and hemocyte function in the wax-moth Galleria mellonella. Journal of Morphology. 157, 181–199. DOI:10.1002/jmor.1051570206
Sadeghi, R. Hadizadeh, N. & Jamshidnia, A. (2017) Immunological Responses of Sesamia cretica to Ferula ovina Essential Oil. Journal of Insect Science.17(1): 26; 1–5. DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew124
Saunders, D. S. (2009) Photoperiodism in insects: Migration and diapause responses. In: R. J. Nelson, D. L. Denlinger & D. E. Somers (Eds.), Photoperiodism: The biological calendar (pp. 218–257).
Schmid‐Hempel, P. (1998) Parasites in social insects. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press.
Sinclair, B. J., Ferguson, L. V., Salehipour-shirazi, G. & MacMillan, H. A. (2013) Cross-tolerance and cross-talk in the cold. relating low temperatures to desiccation and immune stress in insects. Integrative and Camparative Biology, 53, 545–556. DOI:10.1093/icb/ict004
Siva-Jothy, M. T., Moret, Y. & Rolff, J. (2005) Insect immunity: an evolutionary ecology perspective. Advances in Insect Physiology, 32, 1–48. DOI.org/10.1016/S0065-2806(05)32001-7
Strand, M. R. (2008) The insect cellular immune response. Insect Science, 15, 1–14. DOI.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917. 2008. 00183.x
Teets, N. M., Kawarasaki, Y., Lee, R. E. & Denlinger, D. L. (2013) Expression of genes involved in energy mobilization and osmoprotectant synthesis during thermal and dehydration stress in the Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 183, 189–201.
Urbanski, A., Czarniewska, E., Baraniak, E. & Rosinski, G. (2017) Impact of cold on the immune system of burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Insect Science. 24, 443-454. DOI:10.1111/1744-7917.12321
Valizadeh, B., Sendi, J., Khosravi, R. & Salehi, R. (2017) Establishment and characterizations of a new cell line from larval hemocytes of rose sawfly Arge ochropus (Hymenoptera; Argidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran. 38(2), 173-186. (In Persian with English Summary). Doi: 10.22117/JESI.2018.116228.1155
Vengateswari, G., Arunthirumeri, M. & Shivakumar, M. S. (2020) Effect of food plants on Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae immune and antioxidant properties in response to Bacillus thuringiensis infection. Toxicology Reports. 7: 1428-1437. DOI:10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.005
Vogelweith, F., Moret, Y., Monceau, K., Thieri, D. & Moreau, J. (2016) The relative abundance. of hemocyte types in a polyphagous moth larva depends on diet. Journal of Insect physiology, 88: 33-39. DOI:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.02.010
Wojda, I., Kowalski, P. & Jakubowicz, T. (2009) Humoral immune response of Galleria mellonella larvae afer infection by Beauveria bassiana under optimal and heat-shock conditions. Journal of Insect Physiology, 55, 525–531. DOI:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.01.014
Yeager, J. F. (1945) The blood picture of the Southern armyworm (Prodenia eridamin). Journal of Agricultural Research, 71: 1–40.
Zhang, Q., Huang, J., Zhu, J. & Ye, G. (2011) Parasitism of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) by the endoparasitic wasp Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae): Effects of parasitism on differential hemocyte counts, micro- and ultra-structures of host hemocytes. Insect Science. 00, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2011.01454.x
Zhu, Q., He, Y., Yao, J., Liu, Y., Tao, L. & Huang, Q. (2012) Effects of sublethal concentrations of the chitin synthesis inhibitor, hexaflumuron, on the development and hemolymph physiology of the cutworm, Spodoptera litura. Journal of Insect Science, 12(27): 1-13. DOI.org/10.1673/031.012.2701
Zibaee, A. & Malagoli, D. (2014) Immune response of Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larvae to different entomopathogenic fungi. Bulletin of Entomological Research 104, 155–163. DOI:10.1017/S0007485313000588
نامه انجمن حشره شناسی ایران
دوره 43، شماره 4
آذر 1402
صفحه 345-358

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار