نمونه‌برداری دنباله‌دار شته‌های Rhopalosiphum maidis و Schizaphis graminum (Hem.: Aphididae) در مزارع گندم منطقه باجگاه، استان فارس

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه شیراز، دانشکده کشاورزی، بخش گیاه پزشکی

2 دانشگاه شیراز، دانشکده کشاورزی، بخش گیاه پزشکی.

3 مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی لرستان، خرم‌آباد.

چکیده

طی نمونه‌برداری‌هایی که در سال زراعی 90-‌1389 از شته‌های Rhopalosiphum maidis F. و Schizaphis graminum R. در مزارع گندم منطقه باجگاه، استان فارس، انجام شد، پراکنش فضایی و مدل‌های نمونه‌گیری دنباله‌ای با دقت ثابت مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. برای این منظور دو مزرعه دو هکتاری انتخاب و به‌صورت هفتگی نمونه‌برداری انجام شد. در هر تاریخ تعداد 200 بوته گندم به‌طور تصادفی انتخاب و تعداد شته‌های آن‌ها شمارش شد. براساس مقدار RV، بهترین واحد نمونه چهار ساقه محاسبه شد. این داده‌ها برای تعیین الگوی توزیع فضایی جمعیت شته به دو روش رگرسیونی Taylor و Iwao مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. براساس این دو روش، توزیع شته‌های R. maidis و S. graminum در مزارع گندم تجمعی بود. همچنین، مقدار ضریب تبیین (R2)، روش Taylor را مناسب‌تر از روش Iwao نشان داد. باتوجه به معنی‌دار نشدن شیب خط رگرسیون بین دو گونه R. maidis و S. graminum، مدل Green یکسانی برای این دو گونه ارایه شد. در این مدل، در سطوح دقت 15/0‌، 25/0 و 3/0، به‌ترتیب 20، 12 و 9 عدد نمونه (چهار ساقه) مورد نیاز بود. مقایسه روش Green با روش متداول نمونه‌برداری نشان داد که در سطوح دقت 15/0، 25/0 و 3/0، تعداد نمونه مورد نیاز به‌ترتیب 05/1 ± 8/77، 91/0 ± 3/78 و 81/0 ± 4/81 درصد کاهش یافت. بر اساس مدل Wilson و Room، زمانی‌که میانگین جمعیت شته‌های R. maidis و S. graminum، 6/1، 86/3 و 62/5 عدد در یک واحد نمونه بود، نسبت آلودگی بوته‌های گندم در مزرعه به‌ترتیب به 50/0، 75/0 و 85/0 رسید. بنابراین، با افزایش درصد آلودگی نمونه‌ها، تعداد نمونه لازم کاهش خواهد یافت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Sequential sampling of Rhopalosiphum maidis and Schizaphis graminum (Hem.: Aphididae) in wheat fields of Badjgah, Fars province, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • V. Soltani Ghasemloo 1
  • M. Aleosfoor 2
  • A. A. Mohiseni 3
1 Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
2 Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
3 Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center of Lorestan, Khorramabad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Between 2010 and 2011, spatial distribution and fixed precision sequential sampling plans were determined for two aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis F. and Schizaphis graminum R., in wheat fields in Badjgah countryside of Iranian Fars province. For this purpose, two fields of two hectares each were selected and sampled on weekly basis. Each sample consisted of 200 randomly selected wheat plants along with the total number of counted aphids. Based on RV, the best sample unit was four stems. This data was used to describe spatial distribution pattern of R. maidis and S. graminum by Taylor’s power law (TPL) and Iwao’s patchiness regression methods. The results indicated aggregated spatial distribution of aphids' populations in wheat fields, based on the mentioned methods. The TPL provided a better description of the aphids' spatial distribution. Since regression line slopes were not significantly different for S. graminum and R. maidis, the same Green model was proposed for both species. In this model, minimum numbers of samples were 20, 12 and 9 for precision levels of 0.15, 0.25 and 0.3, respectively. Comparing Green and conventional methods in 0.15, 0.25 and 0.3 precision levels showed that the number of required samples were reduced 77.8 ± 1.05, 78.3 ± 0.91 and 81.4 ± 0.81 percent, respectively. Based on Wilson and Room's model, when the mean populations of aphids were 1.6, 3.86 and 5.62, the proportion of infestation in the field were 0.5, 0.75 and 0.85, respectively. Therefore, by increasing the infestation percentage of the samples, the number of required samples will be reduced.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • spatial distribution
  • Rhopalosiphum maidis
  • Schizaphis graminum
  • Sequential sampling
  • Wheat

مراجع

Afshari, A. (2005) Population dynamics of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover and damage assessment in cotton fields of Iran. Ph. D. Thesis. Shahid Chamran University, Iran. 381 pp.
Afshari, A. (2011) Density dynamics, spatial distribution and sequential sampling of important aphidophagous predators in wheat fields of Gorgan. Journal of Plant Protection 25(3), 276-285.
Afshari, A. & Dastranj, M. (2010) Density, spatial distribution and sequential sampling plans for cereal aphids, infesting wheat spike in Gorgan, northern Iran. Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture) 32(2), 89-102.
Athanassiou, C. G., Kavallieratos, N. G., Ragkou, V. S. & Buchelos, C. T. (2003) Seasonal abundance and spatial distribution of the predator Macrolophus costalis Fieber (Heteroptera: Miridae) and its prey Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphidoidea) on tobacco. Phytoparasitica 31, 8-18.
Athanassiou, C. G., Kavallieratos, N. G., Tomanovi, Z., Tomanovi, S. & Milutinovi, M. (2005) Development of a sampling plan for Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) and its predator Macrolophus costalis (Hemiptera: Miridae) on tobacco. European Journal of Entomology 102, 399-405.
Bakhshizadeh, N., Mohiseni, A. & Fathi, A. (2010) Dispersion pattern and sequential sampling model with fixed-precision for estimating population of Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Het.: Scutelleridae) in rainfed wheat fields of Ardabil. Scientific Journal of Agriculture 33(2), 63-75.
Barrigossi, J. A. F., Hein, G. L. & Higley, L. G. (2003) Economic injury level and sequential sampling plans for Mexican bean beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae ) on dry beans. Journal of Economic Entomology 96(4), 1160-1167.
Behdad, A. (1998) Crop pests in Iran. 452 pp. Yadbood Publication.
Binns, M. R. (1994) Sequential sampling for classifying pest status. pp. 137-174 in Pedigo, L. P. & Buntin, G. D. (Eds) Handbook of sampling methods for arthropods in agriculture. 736 pp. CRC Boca Raton, FL.
Dean, G. J. W. (1973) Distribution of aphids in spring cereals. Journal of Applied Ecology 10, 447-462.
Ekbom, S. B. (1985) Spatial distribution of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in spring cereals in Sweden and its importance for sampling. Environmental Entomology 14, 312-316.
Elliott, N. C., Giles, K. L., Royer, T. A., Kindler, S. D., Tao, F. L., Jones, D. B. & Cuperus, G. W. (2003) Fixed precision sequential sampling plans for the greenbug and bird cherry-oat aphid (Homoptera:Aphididae) in winter wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 96(5), 1585-1593.
Elliott, N. C. & Kieckhefer, R. W. (1987) Spatial distributions of cereal aphids (Homoptera:Aphididae) in winter wheat and spring oats in South Dakota. Environmental Entomology 16 (4), 896-901.
Farahbakhsh, G. H. (1961) A check list of economically important insects and other enemies of plants and agricultural product in Iran. 153 pp. Department of Plant Protection, Ministry of Agriculture.
Feng, M. G. & Nowierski, R. M. (1992) Variation in spatial patterns of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera:Aphididae) among small grains in the northwestern United states. Environmental Entomology 21(5), 1029-1034
Fievet, V., Dedryver, C. A., Plantagest, M., Simon, J. C. & Outremany, Y. (2007) Aphid colony turn-over influences the spatial distribution of the spatial distribution of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae over the wheat growing season. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 9, 125-134.
Foster, R., Grimes, W. H., Knake, E., McCarty, R. H., Mortvedt, J. J. & Butt, E. R. (1997) Insect control guide. Vol. 9, 442 pp. Meister Publishing Company, Ohio.
Green, R. H. (1970) On fixed precision level sequential sampling. Research Population Ecology 12, 249-251.
Gusmao, M. R., Picanco, M. C., Guedes, R. N. C., Glavan, T. L. & Pereira, E. J. G. (2006) Economic injury level and sequential sampling plan for Bemisia tabaci in outdoor tomato. Journal of Economic Entomology 130(3), 160-166.
Hollingsworth, C. S. & Gatsonis, C. A. (1990) Sequential sampling plans for green peach aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on potato. Journal of Economic Entomology 83(4), 1365-1369.
Hsu, J. C., Horng. S. B. & Wu, W. J. (2001) Spatial distribution and sampling of Aulacaspis yabunikkei (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in camphor trees. Plant Protection Bulletin 43, 69-81.
Hutchison, W. D., Hogg, D. B., Ashraf Poswal, M., Berberet, R. C. &. Cuperus, G. C. (1988) Implications of the stochastic nature of Kuno's and Green's fixed-precision stop lines: sampling plans for the pea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in alfalfa as an example. Journal of Economic Entomology 81,749-758.
Iwao, S. (1977) The m*-m statistics as a comprehensive method for analyzing spatial patterns of biological populations and its application to sampling problems. pp. 21-46 in Morista, M. (Ed.) Studies on methods of estimating population density, biomass and productivity in terrestrial animals. Vol. 17, 237 pp. JIBP Synthesis, University of Tokyo Press.
Kavallieratos, N. G., Athanassiou, C. G., Stathas, G. J. & Tomanovic, Z., (2002) Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidea: Aphidinae) on citrus: seasonal abundance, association with the species of host plant and sampling indices. Phytoparasitica 30, 365-377.
Kavallieratos, N. G., Athanassiou, C. G., Tomanovic, Z., Sciaretta, A., Trematerra, P. & Zink, V.(2005) Seasonal occurrence, spatio-temporal distribution and sampling indices for Myzus persicea (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) and its parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on tobacco. European Journal of Entomology 102, 459-468.
Kherad, M. (2013) Fars has the first rank in wheat production. Available from: http://www.fars.agri-jahad.ir/ portal/Home/ShowPage.aspx (accessed October 2013).
Kieckhefer, R. W. (1975) Field populations of cereal aphids in South Dakota spring grains. Journal of Economic Entomology 68, 161-164.
Kring, T. J. & Gilstrap, F. E. (1983) Within-field distribution of greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoids in winter wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 76, 57-62.
Kuno, E. (1991) Sampling and analysis of insect population. Annual Review of Entomology 26, 285-304.
Mohiseni, A. A., Soleimannejadian, M. S. & Rajabi, G. (2009a) Fixed precision sequential sampling plans to estimate overwintered sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps Put.) population in rainfed wheat fields in Borujerd. Journal of Plant Protection 32 (1), 33-47.
Mohiseni, A. A., Soleimannejadian, M. S., Rajabi, G. & Mosaddegh, M. S. (2009b) Fixed precision sequential sampling plans to estimate sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Hem.: Scutelleridae) population using sweep net in rainfed wheat fields in Borujerd. Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Knowledge 19(1), 119-132.
Naranjo, S. E. & Hutchison, W. D. (1997) Validation of arthropod sampling plans using a resampling approach: Software and analysis. American Entomologist 43, 48-47.
Nyrop, J. P. & Wright, R. J. (1985) Use of double sample plans in insect sampling with reference to the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environmental Entomology 14, 644-649.
Opit, G. P., Margolies, D. C. & Nechols, J. R. (2003) Within-plant distribution of two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acari: Tetranychidae), on Ivy Geranium: development of a presence-absence sampling plan. Journal of Economic Entomology 96 (2), 482-488.
O'Rourke, P. K. & Hutchison, W. D. (2003) Sequential sampling plans for estimating European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval density in sweet corn ears. Journal of Crop Protection 22, 903-909.
Pedigo, L. P. & Buntin, G. B. (1993) Handbook of sampling methods for arthropods in agriculture. 705 pp. CRC Press.
Pieters, E. P. & Sterling, W. L. (1975) Sequential sampling cotton squares damaged by boll weevils or Heliothis spp. in the cost bend of Texas. Journal of Economic Entomology 68, 543-545.
Rajabi, Gh. R. & Behroozin, M. (2003) Pests and diseases of wheat in Iran. 185 pp. Agricultural Education Publication, Tehran.
Rezvani, A. (2001) Key to the aphids (Homoptera: Aphidinea) in Iran. 304 pp. Publication of Research, Education and Agricultural Extension, Tehran.
Ruesink, W. G. (1980) Introduction to sampling theory. pp. 61-78 in Kogan, M. & Herzog, D. C. (Eds) Sampling methods in soybean entomology. 587 pp. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Shahrokhi, Sh. & Amir-Maafi, M. (2011a) Binomial sampling plan of Metopolophium dirhodum in irrigated wheat fields. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 79, 117-133.
Shahrokhi, Sh. & Amir-Maafi, M. (2011b) Sequential sampling plan of Metopolophium dirhodum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in wheat fields. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 31(1), 69-82.
Shepard, M. (1976) Distribution of insects in soybean fields. Canadian Entomologist 108, 761-771.
Southwood, T. R. E. (1978) Ecological methods, with particular reference to the study of insect populations. 2nd ed. 524 pp. Chapman & Hall, London.
Sule, H., Muhamad, R., Omar, D., Hee, A. K. W. & Zazali, C. (2012) Dispersion pattern and sampling of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psylidae) populations on Citrus suhuiensis Hort. Ex Tanaka in Padang Ipoh Terengganu, Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 35, 25-36.
Taylor, L. R. (1961) Aggregation, variance and the mean. Nature 189, 732-735.
Tomanovic, Z., Kavallieratos, N. G. & Athanassious, C. G. (2008) Spatial distribution of cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) in Serbia. Acta Entomologica Serbica 13(1, 2), 9-14.
Tsai, J. H., Wang, J. & Liu, Y. H. (2000) Sampling of Diaphorina citri (Homoptera: Psyllidae) on orange jassamine in southern Florida. Florida Entomologist 83(4), 446-459.
Wang, K. & Shipp, J. L. (2001) Sequential sampling plans for western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on greenhouse cucumbers. Journal of Economic Entomology 94(2), 479-585.
Ward, S. A., Chambers, R. J., Sunderland, K. & Dixon, A. F. G. (1986) Cereal aphid populations and the relation between mean density and spatial variance. Netherland Journal of Plant Pathology 92, 127-132.
Wilson, L. T. & Room, P. M. (1983) Clumping patterns of fruit and arthropods in cotton, with implications for binomial sampling. Environmental Entomology 12, 50-54.
Winder, L., Pery, J. N. & Holland, J. M. (1999) Spatial and temporal distribution of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae in winter wheat. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 93, 277-290.
نامه انجمن حشره شناسی ایران
دوره 34، شماره 4
دی 1393
صفحه 15-28

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار