Using statistical methods to determine spatio-temporal distribution of aphids and aphidophagous ladybirds in alfalfa fields

Document Type : Paper, English

Authors

Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

10.61186/jesi.43.4.7

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine distribution pattern and related parameters of spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata (Buckten), pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and two coccinellid species (Coccinella septempunctata L. and Hippodamia variegata Goeze) in six alfalfa fields during two growing seasons, 2016 and 2017. Weekly sampling was started when alfalfa plants reached 10 cm in height and continued until harvest. Each field was divided into 20m×20m plots. Two samples per plot per sampling time were randomly taken using a 1 × 1 m quadrat, to count adult coccinellids. Twenty alfalfa stems (longer than 10cm) per plot were randomly cut and shaken eight times on a white pan to record the aphids' density. The aphids that fell into the pan were counted and recorded. The ratio of variance to mean, as well as Taylor’s power law (TPL) and Iwao’s patchiness index (IPI), were used to determine the spatial distribution patterns of the insects. The variance exceeded the mean on all sampling dates, which may imply an aggregative distribution. Aggregation was also confirmed by using regression coefficient of both TPL (parameter b) and coefficient of IPI (β), which both were significantly above unity. Correlation between aphid counts and those of the coccinellids indicated that there was a positive but weak relationship between predator and prey densities in the fields, although a weak correlation may imply that factors other than prey accessibility contribute to the spatial distribution of the predators. Using different statistical methods provides useful information about the spatial distribution and dispersal pattern of aphids and natural enemies in alfalfa fields, and this information can be used in the biological control of pests.

Graphical Abstract

Using statistical methods to determine spatio-temporal distribution of aphids and aphidophagous ladybirds in alfalfa fields

Highlights

 

 

Keywords

Main Subjects

© 2023 by Author(s), Published by the Entomological Society of Iran

This Work is Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International Public License

References

Al-Deghairi, M. A., Abdel-Baky, N. F., Fouly, A. H. & Ghanim, N. M. (2014) Foraging behavior of two Coccinellid species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on aphids. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 30(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-30.0.12
Aleosfoor, M., Mortazavi, N. & Poorkashkooli, M. (2014) Comparison cannibalistic behavior between two ladybirds, Coccinella septempunctata L. and Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) under laboratory experiments. Munis Entomology & Zoology 9(2), 645–650.
Amini, B. & Madadi, H. (2014) Spatial distribution of Brevicoryne brassicae and Diaeretiella rapae and development a fixed precision sampling plan. Plant Pests Research 4(1), 1–10.
Arbab, A. & Bakry, M. M. S. (2016) Spatial distribution and minimum sample size for monitoring of Parlatoria date scale insect, Parlatoria blanchardi (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on date palm trees. Agricultural Research and Technology 2 (3). https://dx.doi.org/10.19080/ARTOAJ.2016.01.555590  
Bayoumy, M. H., Abou-Elnaga, A. M., Ghanim, A. A. & Mashhoot, G. A. (2015) Functional and Numerical Responses of Coccinella undecimpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an Analytical Approach for Predator's Gender in Two-aphid Feeding Systems. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 25(2), 359–366.
Binns, M. R. (1994) Sequential sampling for classifying oest status. Pp. 137-174 in Pedigo, L.D. & Buntin, G.D.  (Eds) Handbook of Sampling Methods in Agriculture. 714 pp. CRC Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003067900
Buntin, G. D. (1994) Developing a primary sampling program. Pp. 99–115 in Pedigo, L.D. & Buntin, G.D.  (Eds) Handbook of Sampling Methods in Agriculture. 714 pp. CRC Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003067900
Caballero-López, B., Bommarco, R., Blanco-Moreno, J. M., Sans, F. X., Pujade-Villar, J., Rundlöf, M. & Smith, H. G. (2012) Aphids and their natural enemies are differently affected by habitat features at local and landscape scales. Biological Control 63(2), 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.03.012
Canevari, W. M., Davis, R. M., Frate, C. A., Godfrey, L. D., Goodell, P. B., Lanini, W. T., Long, R. F., Natwick, E. T., Orloff, S., Putnam, D. H., Summers, C. G., Vargas, R. N., Westerdahl, B. B. & Wilson, R. G. (2015) UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines, Alfalfa. UC ANR Publication 3430. Oakland, CA. Available online: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu (Accessed on 14 September July 2015).
Depickère, S., Fresneau, D. & Deneubourg, J. L. (2004) A basis for spatial and social patterns in ant species: dynamics and mechanisms of aggregation. Journal of Insect Behavior 17(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOIR.0000025134.06111.be
Duarte, F., Calvo, M. V., Borges, A. & Scatoni, I. B. (2015) Geostatistics applied to the study of the spatial distribution of insects and its use in integrated pest management. Revista Agronómica del Noroeste Argentino 35(2), 9-20.
Elliott, N. C., Kieckhefer, R. W., Michels, G. J. & Giles, K. L. (2002) Predator abundance in alfalfa fields in relation to aphids, within-field vegetation, and landscape matrix. Environmental Entomology 31(2), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-31.2.253
Ferguson, A. W., Williams, I. H., Klukowski, Z., Walczak, B. & Perry, J. (1999) Spatial population dynamics of a pest and its parasitoid in an oilseed rape crop. Aspects of Applied Biology 53, 143–148.
Ghaderi, S., Fathipour, Y. & Asgari, S. (2018) Population density and spatial distribution pattern of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on different tomato cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 20(3), 543–556.
Hodgson, E. W. (2007) "Aphids in alfalfa.". Utah State University Extension, Logan, Utah Pests Fact Sheet, Entomology:107-07. Available online: https://utahpests.usu.edu/uppdl/files-ou/factsheet/Aphids%20in%20Alfalfa (Accessed on 10 July 2007).
IBM Corp. Released (2019) IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Iranipour, S., Aalipour, M., Kazemi, M. & Nouri, G. G. (2017) Spatial distribution of Italian locust, Calliptamus italicus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Khodafarin region, northwest of Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 48(1), 29–42.  https://doi.org/10.22059/ijpps.2017.126665.1006643  
Iranipour, S., Mahdavi, H., Mehrvar, A. & Karimzadeh, R. (2018) Population fluctuations of small walnut aphid Chromaphis juglandicola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemies in walnut orchards of northwestern Iran. Journal of Crop Protection 7(3), 303–314.
Iranipour, S., Alaei, T., Karimzadeh, R. & Michaud, J. P. (2020) Dynamic economic thresholds for the management of vegetable leafminer on glasshouse cucumber estimated by simulated defoliation. Journal of Applied Entomology 144(8), 719–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.12790
Iwao, S. I.  (1968) A new regression method for analyzing the aggregation pattern of animal populations. Population Ecology 10(1), 1–20.
Khaliq, A., Javed, M., Sohail, M. & Sagheer, M.  (2014) Environmental effects on insects and their population dynamics. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2(2), 1–7.
Khanjani, M. (2005) Field Crop Pests in Iran. 2nd ed. 738 p. Bu-Ali Sina University Press, Iran. [In Persian]
Kumar, S. & Ahmad, M. E. (2016) Influence of Prey Species on Feeding Preference, Post-Embryonic Development and Life Span of Cheilomenes Sexmaculata (Fabricius). European Scientific Journal 12 (36), 1857–7881. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n36p403
Lloyd, M. (1967) Mean crowding. Journal of Animal Ecology 36, 1–30.
Mahdavi, H., Iranipour, S., Mehrvar, A. & Karimzadeh, R. (2015) Spatial distribution of Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach) (Hem., Aphididae) in East Azerbaijan walnut orchards of Iran. Applied Researches in Plant Protection 4(2), 27–41.
Malaquias, J. B., Ramalho, F. S., Dias, C. T. D. S., Brugger, B. P., Lira, A. C. S., Wilcken, C. F., Pachú, J. K. & Zanuncio, J. C. (2017) Multivariate approach to quantitative analysis of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their natural enemy populations at different cotton spacings. Scientific reports 7, 41740. https://doi:10.1038/srep41740     
Miri, B., Moeini, N. N. & Mirab, B. M. (2017) Population fluctuations and spatial distribution of wheat thrips (Haplothrips tritici) in wheat fields of Eyvan city (Ilam Province). Plant Pest Research 7(3), 67–76. https://doi:10.22124/iprj.2017.2592
Moradi-Vajargah, M., Golizadeh, A., Rafiee-Dastjerdi, H., Zalucki, M. P., Hassanpour, M. & Naseri, B. (2011) Population density and spatial distribution pattern of Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Ardabil, Iran. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 39(2), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha3926381
Nelson, E. H., Matthews, C. E. & Rosenheim, J. A. (2004) Predators reduce prey population growth by inducing changes in prey behavior. Ecology 85(7), 1853–1858. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-3109
Pezzini, D. T., DiFonzo, C. D., Finke, D. L., Hunt, T. E., Knodel, J. J., Krupke, C. H., McCornack, B., Michel, A. P., Moon, R. D., Philips, C. R. & Varenhorst, A. J. (2019) Spatial Patterns and Sequential Sampling Plans for Estimating Densities of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Soybean in the North Central Region of the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology 112(40), 1732–1740. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz100
Pons, X., Lumbierres, B. & Albajes, R. (2009) Heteropterans as aphid predators in inter-mountain alfalfa. European Journal of Entomology 106(3), 369–378. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2009.047
Price, P., Denno, R., Eubanks, M., Finke, D. & Kaplan, I. (2011) Insect ecology: Behavior, populations and communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Rakhshani, H., Ebadi, R. & Mohammadi, A. A. (2009) Population dynamics of alfalfa aphids and their natural enemies, Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 11, 505–520.
Rezaei, A. M. (1995) Probability and statistics for engineering and scientists. 1st ed. 444 p. Mashhad Publication, Iran. [In Persian]
Samaranayake, K. G. L. I. & Costamagna, A. C. (2019) Adjacent habitat type affects the movement of predators suppressing soybean aphids. PloS ONE 14(6), e0218522. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218522
Shayesteh, N., Ranji, H. & Ziaee, M. (2015) Abundance and diversity of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) population in wheat fields of Urmia, northwestern of Iran. Biharean Biologist 9(1), 141134.
Shayestehmehr, H. & Karimzadeh, R. (2019) Geostatistical analysis of spatial distribution of Therioaphis maculata (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and coccinellid lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Crop Protection 8(1), 103–115.
Shayestehmehr, H., Karimzadeh, R. & Hejazi, M. J. (2017) Spatio‐temporal association of Therioaphis maculata and Hippodamia variegata in alfalfa fields. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 19(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12183
Soemargono, A., Muryati, M., Hasyim, A. & Istianto, M. (2012) Spatial distribution pattern of the fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango orchard. AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science 33(3), 207–213. http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v33i3.69
Soleimani, S. & Madadi, H. (2015) Seasonal dynamics of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), its natural enemies the seven spotted lady beetle Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus and variegated lady beetle Hippodamia variegata Goeze, and their parasitoid Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank). Journal of Plant Protection Research 55(4), 421–428. http://doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2015-0058
Southwood, T. R. E. & Henderson, P. A. (2000) Ecological methods. 3rd edition. Blackwell Science Ltd.
Summers, C. G. (1998) Integrated pest management in forage alfalfa. Integrated Pest Management Reviews 3(3),127–154. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009654901994
Sunderland, K. D. & Vickerman, G. P. (1980) Aphid feeding by some polyphagous predators in relation to aphid density in cereal fields. Journal of Applied Ecology 17(2), 389–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2402334
Tavakolizadeh, A., Hassani, MR & Sheibani Tezerji, Z. (2019) Spatial distribution of immature stages of Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) in Rafsanjan region. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science 49(2), 289-298. doi.10.22059/ijpps.2018.244929.1006810
Taylor, L. R. (1961) Aggregation, variance, and the mean. Nature 189, 732–735. https://doi.org/10.1038/189732a0
Touhidur, M. R., Idris, A. B. & Roff, M. M. (2006) Population abundance and spatial distribution of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) and coccinellids on chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science 34(2), 393.
van Driesche, R. G. & Bellows, T. S. Jr. (1996) Biological Control. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Vinatier, F., Tixier, P., Duyck, P. F. & Lescourret, F. (2011) Factors and mechanisms explaining spatial heterogeneity: a review of methods for insect populations. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00059.x
Weber, A. C., Degrande, P. E., Souza, E. P., Azambuja, R. & Fernandes, M. G. (2018) Spatial Distribution of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum Linnaeus.  Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 90(4), 3483–3491. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170396  
Winder, L., Alexander, C. J., Holland, J. M., Woolley, C. & Perry, J. N. (2001) Modelling the dynamic spatio‐temporal response of predators to transient prey patches in the field. Ecology Letters 4(6), 568-576. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00269.x
Zarei Sarchogha, R., Zandi-Sohani, N. & Ramezani, L. (2018) Spatial dispersion and sequential sampling of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) in wheat fields of Sar Pol-e Zahab, Kermanshah province.  Plant Protection (Scientific Journal of Agriculture) 41(2), 49–60.
Zhao, Z. H., Hui, C., He, D. H. & Li, B. L. (2015) Effects of agricultural intensification on ability of natural enemies to control aphids. Scientific Reports 5, 8024. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08024  
 
Journal of Entomological Society of Iran
Volume 43, Issue 4
November 2023
Pages 393-404

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics